Pharmacy Education in India and Bengal free essay sample

The Role of Pharmacists as indicated by WHO is the acquisition, control, distribution and rational use of Drugs to extend the use of best Drugs in the Rural Health care along with other levels of health Care System. Effective medicines, as they observed can be practicised by an efficient Drug Management only. To deal with the supply, dispensing of Drugs and Health Appliances in keeping with the needs of the people of the present century. To formulate proposals for necessary development of health care system with the needs of the people of West Bengal. Among the series of roles the Pharmacist deals with along with some of their most important roles which are prescribed by the WHO. To attend these roles affectively the different foreign countries have prescribed their qualifications upto the university level and in Bengal presently, B. Pharma, M. Pharma M. Tech (Pharma) is available and D. Pharm. being the minimum need. But all these higher courses are regular courses and the practicing pharmacist mainly those who are Diploma holders are not getting the opportunities due to non implication or existence of yet any distinctive Govt. Policy to attend the college regularly for updating the educational qualification. With advancement in every field, the profession of pharmacy has also witnessed tremendous changes. The community expects more professional services from pharmacists and not as just drug sellers. There are many community pharmacists serving the country with just D. Pharm. Qualification and in West Bengal this situation is more worse as they are belongs to D Category mainly unqualified personnel who are not well equipped with adequate information. In the whole West Bengal there are more than 44000 retail pharmacies and in most of these drug stores, the medicine is dispensed by D category pharmacists. Based on the provisions of Pharmacy Council of India, (PCI) the West Bengal Pharmacy Council had given D category certificates to Class VIII passed people of those migrated from Bangladesh and Myanmar after Bengal division in 1905 on consideration of livelihood. About one lakh D category certificate holders secured jobs in private pharmacies and hospitals by using these certificates till 1978. Even now most of the retail pharmacies in West Bengal are managed by these D category pharmacists and the certificates were issued only till 1978. Currently their number is 77234 and all are aged. The pharmacy council of India has taken a decision to discontinue the D. Pharm. course soon. India being one of the developing countries is yet to meet the needs of people as basic education, health, hygiene etc. Most of our people live in rural areas and do not have basic facilities such as primary health centers, clinics or even approach roads. This rural population including the urban population needs multifarious activities from pharmacists. The PCI defines Pharmacy as â€Å"a profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing from natural and synthetic sources, suitable and convenient materials for distribution and use in the treatment and prevention of disease. It embraces a knowledge of the identification, preservation, combination, analysis and standardization of drugs and medicines besides synthesis of new drug molecules, manufacturing of various dosage forms, (Liquid orals, powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, injections, ophthalmic products, etc. quality control, clinical trials, bio-availability, research, side-effects, compatibility, in-compatibility, indications, contra-indications, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology etc†. But the role of PCI in whole India is like deaf and dumb and silent and also suspicious. The managers of PCI should be changed immediately for the future betterment of Pharmacy. A Flashback: Germination of Pharmacy Education The history of pharmacy education in India is as old as when the country was being gravitated towards British Emperorship. A wind of revolution had been started to innovate something different in the education system of Indian Medical Services. Upto the middle of the nineteenth century, the pharmaceutical education and training remained in a state of neglect. The scenario of pharmacy practice was pathetic. The dispensing of prescriptions continued to be carried out by compounders, who had a low level of preliminary training and education. The compounders were lowly paid professionals. There were a few European trained pharmacists who were employed by private firms. The seed of the pharmacy education in India was sown first by Medical College, Madras in 1860. Steps were taken to start pharmacy classes to impart pharmaceutical skills for the students qualifying for medical degrees or diploma or hospital assistance ship. The steps proved to be useful for the students intending to qualify as chemist and druggists. Broadly it was copying the practice as it prevailed at the time in Britain. The classes continued with increase of the duration of study to 2 years and entry qualification being made matriculation in due course. The Materia Medica proved supportive to boost up the pharmacy education. The students were taught Materia Medica and instructed in the mode of preparing the principle compounds of the Pharmacopoeia and Materia Medica. In the middle of the nineteenth century these professionals got scientifically educated and trained. Initially the chemist and druggist class at Madras Medical College didnt get popular and attracted less than half dozen students per annum. The reasons could have been the limited prospects of employment for the so qualified personnel. Voices were raised favoring the view that the present chemist and druggist course be washed out. However the class remained in operation and received Government sanction for continuance in the Madras Medical College as a permanent arrangement. The curriculum of studies was revised with inclusion of study of organic chemistry also. After that the course underwent various revolutions at many times and also started in some other universities like Medical College, Visakhapattnam. The pharmacy education in India was going to pass through a mutation when the founder of Banaras Hindu University Mahamanya Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya met Prof. M. L. Schroff and Mahamana offered him to join B. H. U. By the untiring efforts of Prof. M. L. Schroff in July 1937 Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy were introduced as the subjects for B. Sc. degree. Since then there has been no looking back. Pharmacy came to be recognized as a well-established course with fruitful outcomes. Current Scenario of Pharmaceutical education plays a very prominent role in attaining sustainable and equitable development of a country. The curriculum of the degree in some developed countries (B. Pharm. usually requires 5 academic years of study. In most of the European countries successful completion of a university degree leads to a one-year internship. The formal pharmacy education in India (3 year degree in BHU) dates back 1932, and since then, there has been a continuous growth in number of such institutions. As per PCI 2005 diary calendar, the total numbers of recognized degree institutions are 220 with intake of 1 2506 students. And as per AICTE, the total numbers of degree colleges are 445 with the intake of 24672 students as well 30 institutions for the post graduation in various fields. The number of accredited institutions like the National Institute of Pharmacy Education Research (NIPER) is very few. Faculty strength and its quality is a problem. The education system is not geared for the WTO era. Management is not proactive in providing facilities and necessary educational environment. National pay scales are not fully implemented and hence good academia is missing. There are a few centers of excellence where students get all the facilities and are well placed after their graduation. In the next decade, pharmaceutical industries will scout for pharmacy graduates who are inclined to research. Therefore, pharmacy colleges must appoint the right faculty. In this regard the Pharmacy educational system is more pathetic and neglected. Out of the total 10 pharmacy colleges in the state, eight colleges are under private management. In the remaining two, one is a government college and other is self-financed. The 3 Diploma Colleges like Kalyani, Bankura and Jalpaiguri are under Director of Health Services ( DHS) and only one Degree college in the whole state at Jalpaiguri is under the Director of Medical Education( DME) under Govt. f West Bengal Department of Health Family Welfare and rest of the Diploma Colleges are under Polytechnic, i. e. Department of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal. All the Colleges should be immediately brought under one umbrella and must have to be promoted as per WHO and other International guidelines to Degree Colleges to provide the quality services to the people of this state which is being neglected and suppressed during the left regime. Ed ucation Standards at Present There is no doubt that currently there is enormous gap existing between education and practice of pharmacy. Most of the academic institutions providing education in pharmacy are away from practice environment. The overall basis of pharmacy education is still extrabiological synthesis, physicochemical studies, analysis, and manufacturing aspects of drug. It is a common feeling that the medical practitioner is better placed for pharmacists job than the pharmacists themselves. The dispensing services are poor. The syllabus and duration of the two-year diploma course in pharmacy education in India is completely outdated and irrelevant in the present industry context. It is a heterogeneous mixture of clinical and industrial subjects. Since clinical subjects are there PCI comes into the picture and AICTE came in because of industrial orientation of pharmacy syllabus. Pharmacy as a nascent science developed like this in the last century. During 1940s and 50s, hospitals and industries were established in large numbers in India. Consequently, pharmacists and pharmaceutical chemists were required in huge numbers. Hence pharmacy education was developed in such a way to satisfy the requirement of industry and hospital. Short-term compounders and or D. Pharm. ourse to satisfy the needs of hospital and medical shops and B. Pharm. course for the industry were started. This is proved by the fact that in the last few decades D. Pharm. holders are not employed by the industry and B. Pharm. holders are not in many numbers in hospitals or medical shops. In the West, pharmacy education is patient-oriented and is responsible for Healthcare Management, while in Ind ia pharmacy education is industry-oriented. Nearly 55 per cent of the jobs are available in the industry sector while 30 per cent in education. There are only three per cent jobs in healthcare. There must be revolutionary changes in the healthcare system e. g. making laws and Govt. Policies for appointing pharmacists at each Primary Health Centre and government hospitals. There should be adequate staff in the state drugs control departments for better control of drug distribution system. It is crystal clear that separation and improvement of clinical and industrial subjects in the pharmacy syllabus is a compulsion of the time. But it is yet to be completed, that is why there is such a situation and a lot of infighting among government authorities. Present B. Pharm. syllabus can be divided into 2 major courses like B. Pharm (Clinical) and B. Pharm (Industrial) as it has been already decided to abolish D. Pharm. course. Maximum states have already taken suitable measures including Central Govt in this regard except West Bengal. Such an arrangement will increase the confidence and competitive skills of pharmacy graduates among health care team and technocrats and some sort of specialization during under graduation itself. If two B. Pharm. ourses are created as above, needless to say clinical course can be controlled by PCI and industrial course by AICTE. Private college managements can opt for any one of the courses. If any college wants to run both the courses they should accept both masters, there is no other go. Existing D. Pharm. Colleges who are in the verge of closure can adopt B. Pharm. (Clinical) and continue to serve the profession. This stunted growth of professional pharmacy in our country is the result of misplaced be lief that profession is same as vocation. This belief has kept Indian pharmacy academics completely focused on industrial pharmacy at the cost of real – community pharmacy. While the justification for focusing pharmacy education on Industrial Pharmacy after attaining national freedom was valid, its review to make it relevant in contemporary scenario is already too late. Our present system has produced half a million qualified pharmacists but not many trained professionals. This has effectively led to a situation where neither there is a need felt by the society nor is there anyone available to fulfill that professed need. This situation feeds on itself to such an extent that any attempt to keep ones knowledge updated and work professionally has strong economic disincentives in Indian retail pharmacy practice. Gravity of the situation dawns upon us when we think about petitions filed in High courts that propose scrapping of the Pharmacy Act because the pharmacists according to petitioners do not play any role other than selling the drugs like all other commodities. There is virtually a complete lack of any training or incentive to professionalise – as a result of which even the most enthusiastic pharmacists gradually convert into mere traders. The uninspiring implementation of statutory provisions has led to a cancerous proliferation of retail drug shops and the situation now threatens the profession itself. The retail pharmacist shall be relevant to the society `only if he can make a difference to the patient by providing him information about drug usage to achieve better outcome than the patient obtains by uninformed usage of drugs. We the members of this West Bengal Progressive Pharmacist Association very much concerned and worried regarding the future of this knowledge based profession which is being more degraded and lost every respect in the society due to previous Govt. egligence and dirty politics which we do strongly hope and desire that our respected and beloved Didi and her eminent and efficient associates will not walk and follow the same path. Apart from whatever else is taught in pharmacy colleges under the garb of Pharmacy Practice- I feel the following are mandatory subjects: Pharmaco-therapeutics, Communi cation skills and Hands down training on computer operations. Every Pharmacist must be trained and experienced in working as a health-care team member and this factor is not to be underestimated in the formal education design. Driving an automobile can be learnt only in an automobile -on a road. Or you at least need a simulator to learn driving. Similarly, pharmacy practice cannot be taught in an institution that has no affiliation with a patient-care set up. This fundamental principle must be kept in mind before a Pharmacy Practice course is conceived. The pharmacy teachers community should take notice of this critical and important issue and involve a cross section of practicing pharmacists to review and suggest a relevant curriculum. Any further delay will diminish whatever slim chances we believe we have today of projecting Pharmacy as a socially relevant profession. The main aims should be in this regard are: †¢ Minimum qualification should be B. Pharm as Pharmacist. Present Diploma Holders should be given immediate chance for higher qualification as a part of continuous Medical Education through T. R along with ACP and other suitable promotions in their service. †¢ To prescribe minimum standard of education required for qualifying as a pharmacist i. e. framing of Education Regulations prescribing the conditions to be fulfilled by the institutions seeking approval of the PCI for imparting education in pharmacy. To ensure uniform implementation of the educational standards through out the country. †¢ To approve the courses of study and examination for pharmacists i. e. approval of the academic training institutions providing pharmacy courses. The curriculum of pharmacy education has been designed to produce the following professional categories of pharmacists; †¢ Community and hospital pharmacists who will work as an important link between doctor and patient and will counsel the patient on various facets of drugs like usage, side effects, indication, contra-indications, compatibilities, in-compatibilities, storage, dosage etc. Specialist in research and development i. e. research of new drug molecules, biotechnical research etc. †¢ Occupational specialist (industrial pharmacist engaged in pharmaceutical technology) i. e. manufacture of various dosage forms, analysis and quality control, clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, patent application and drug registration, sales and marketing. †¢ Academicians i. e. Teachers of Pharmacy education. †¢ Manager and Administrators of Pharmaceutical Services working for various regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical systems. Future: An Overview In the future, drug treatment will be increasingly and confidently tailored to the individual through the help of specific diagnostics. Many new drugs will be given parenterally and targeted for specific diseases. The pharmacists will need to adapt to this changing pattern in order to be seen by the patient as part of health care team. However in spite of many lacunae in pharmacy education system, the fact cannot be overlooked that tremendous development in the field of new drug discovery and research activities, has taken place. Research centers attached with pharmaceutical institutions have played a major role in this regard. Notable among them are BRNCRC, Mandsaur; TIFAC CORE in JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty; TIFAC CORE and ACCUNOVA in Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal and many more. These steps taken at present to upgrade the pharmacy education must be maintained for proper development and utilization of the course. Apart from these, emphasis should be given on fields like Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Clinical Trials, Drug Regulatory Affairs (National and International). Conclusion Overall, the education system is based not only on infrastructure but also on the teachers, immorality and mismanagement has taken over education. Pharmacy teachers, have to regulate themselves, update their knowledge, deliver excellence and inspire students by adapting values, time management is the other factor that they must bring in their own personality. Education, which they have to deliver, must be of highest standard so that the upcoming pharmacists should not be a liability, but should be able to deliver excellence at national and international levels. â€Å"Success can not be harvested until and unless its seed is sown†

Summary of Mike Rose Essays

Summary of Mike Rose Essays Summary of Mike Rose Essay Summary of Mike Rose Essay Mike developed an interest in psychology early in life. Mike attended college where he studied social and physiological sciences and taught for a period often years. Mike describes cultural beliefs such as; intelligence being a measure of ones level of education, or a Job title defining a persons intellect. Our culture would have us believe a physically demanding Job to require less intelligence. Mike recalls his mother, Rosier Rose, at work in a local restaurant. Observing customers actions and DOD language allowed Rosier to recognize a customers dissatisfaction with a meal or need for some additional item. Rosier could multi-task, communicate orders in short form and created her own memory strategy so she could remember individual orders. The physical aspect of the Job was tasking to Rosier so she worked smarter, grouping Jobs and eliminating wasted time. Mikes observations of his mother at the work, to him, defined the adult worker. Joe, Mikes uncle, dropped out of school in the ninth grade and started work for the railroad. He Joined the navy, returned to the railroad, and later Joined his brother at General Motors. Joe was very good at recognizing problems and developing solutions to correct them. Joe relates the shop floor to being at school, a continuous learning environment. Joe became foreman and got promoted to supervisor of the paint and body department. Joe found ways to improve the efficiency and developed a new spray nozzle design. To ease the stress associated with the repetitive activities, Joe implemented Job rotation. For eight years, Mike studied the thought process of workers such as Rose and Joe. Mike recognized the use of creative thinking and its affect on the worker. Mike describes how easily we can overlook the remarkable cognitive abilities of the blue collar worker. Mikes study of the workers brings to light many activities, mental and physical, not typically associated with occupations we believe to be menial. Clearly, intelligence and cognitive ability cannot be defined by a title or Job function.

I would like you to pick one Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I would like you to pick one - Assignment Example Vested parties and prosperous Americans whom Gilens characterized as the main 10 percent of salary earners—have unbalanced impact on the course policymaking takes. Strategies included on national family assumption studies have a 1-in-5 possibility of passing in the event that they are supported by 20 percent of the rich. On the off chance that they are supported by 80 percent, the approach passes simply under a fraction of the time. A normal voters inclination barely matter. Indeed workers guilds, social liberties associations, and so forth do little to help the impact of poor and center wage Americans. Gilens and his partner Benjamin Page of Northwestern University have barely distributed a study to further demonstrate this relationship. In it, the creators analyze four hypotheses for whos molding policymaking in the United States—normal voters; world class people; vested parties speaking to the wishes of diverse voter fragments; and vested parties supporting for specific policies. Most reporters have been startled by its decisions. It closes with negative tones. The American population really has little impact over the arrangements or policies that our legislature embraces. Whats more if "policymaking is overwhelmed by influential business associations and a little number of prosperous Americans," as they discovered, "Americas cases to being a majority rule pop culture are genuinely debilitated." Has American governmental issues dependably been so? As the creators bring up, a lot of researchers contend that "a boss point of the composers of the U.s. Constitution was to secure private property", and this "favored the financial diversions of the affluent as opposed to the investment of the then-larger part." Yet populism has had its minutes in American legislative issues. Few rich Americans enjoyed the New Deal; most poor and center wage ones did. FDR was indubitably chosen with a mainstream order. At the same time in the later decades Gilens and